As Europe faces rapid technological, environmental, and socio-economic change, skills like adaptability, creativity, resilience, and entrepreneurship are increasingly vital. Recognizing this, the European Commission includes entrepreneurship among its Key Competences for Lifelong Learning.

One programme fostering these skills is the Entrepreneurial Skills Pass (ESP), developed by JA Worldwide and offered in over 40 European countries. It allows upper-secondary students to create and run real mini-companies, helping them gain both business knowledge and entrepreneurial skills.

ESP includes a multiple-choice exam on business operations and a self-assessment measuring growth in 11 key competencies, based on the European Commission’s EntreComp Framework (e.g., creativity, financial literacy, resourcefulness)

This report presents the first cross-European analysis of ESP outcomes, comparing exam results and self-reported learning gains, with the aim of shaping future entrepreneurship education policy.